Alternative energy systems and applications.

1 Energy Usage in the USA and the World 1
1.1 Energy and Power 1
1.2 Energy Usage and Standard of Living 1
1.3 A Historical Perspective of Energy Usage in the USA 4
1.4 US Energy Usage in 2014 7
1.5 Worldwide Energy Use 17
1.6 Efficiencies 19
1.7 Closure 21
References 21
2 Fundamentals of Turbomachinery 23
2.1 Definition of a Turbomachine 23
2.2 Turbomachine Classifications 23
2.3 Turbomachine Analysis 23
2.4 Example Problems 28
2.5 Closure 33
References 33
Further Reading 33
3 Hydropower 35
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Examples of Hydroelectric Dams 35
3.3 Hydraulic Analysis 39
3.4 Turbine Specific Speed Considerations 44
3.5 Energy Transfer in Turbines 48
3.6 Closure 57
References 60
Further Reading 61
4 Wind Energy 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Fundamental Concepts 64
4.3 Wind Energy Resources 72
4.4 Wind Turbine Operation 78
4.5 Commercial Wind Turbine Examples 83
4.6 Growth in Wind Power Capacity 88
4.7 Closure 90
References 92
Further Reading 92
5 Combustion Turbines 93
5.1 Introduction 93
5.2 The Combustion Turbine 93
5.3 The Air-Standard Brayton Cycle 95
5.4 Actual Gas Turbine Cycle Analysis 96
5.5 Combustion Turbine Cycle Variations 104
5.6 Examples of Commercially Available Combustion Turbines 105
5.6.1 Solar Turbines 106
5.6.2 GE Energy 107
5.6.3 Capstone Turbines 110
5.6.4 Other Gas Turbine Suppliers 112
5.7 Closure 113
References 113
Further Reading 113
6 Solar Energy Fundamentals 115
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 Radiation Heat Transfer Review 115
6.3 Sun Path Description and Calculation 126
6.4 Sun Path Development Using Mathcad 131
6.5 The National Solar Energy Database 137
6.6 Closure 140
References 140
7 Active Solar Thermal Applications 143
7.1 Introduction 143
7.2 Flat-Plate Collector Fundamentals 148
7.3 Solar Collector and Weather Data 152
7.4 The f-Chart Method 159
7.5 Other Solar Thermal Systems 165
7.6 Closure 166
References 167
8 Passive Solar Energy 169
8.1 Fundamental Concepts of Passive Solar Energy 169
8.2 Quantifying Passive Solar Features 172
8.3 The First-Level Method (Rules of Thumb) 176
8.4 The Second-Level Method (the Load Collector Ratio Method) 177
8.5 Daylighting 178
8.6 Passive Solar Simulation Software 180
8.7 Closure 181
References 181
9 Photovoltaic Systems 183
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 Photovoltaic Cell Fundamentals 183
9.3 Photovoltaic Components 190
9.4 Photovoltaic Systems 196
9.5 Growth in Photovoltaic Capacity 201
9.6 Closure 202
References 203
10 Fuel Cells 205
10.1 Introduction 205
10.2 Fuel Cell Fundamentals 205
10.3 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics Fundamentals 207
10.4 Fuel Cell Types 213
10.5 Fuel Cell Availability 220
10.6 Closure 223
References 223
11 Combined Heat and Power Systems 225
11.1 Introduction 225
11.2 Combined Heat and Power System Fundamentals 227
11.3 Combined Heat and Power System Economics and Operation 231
11.4 Economic Assessment of Combined Heat and Power Suitability 236
11.5 Thermal and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Heat and Power Metrics 240
11.6 Combined Heat and Power System Example 241
11.7 Closure 245
References 246
12 Biomass 249
12.1 Introduction 249
12.2 Biomass Availability 250
12.3 Biomass Fundamentals 253
12.4 Biomass Characteristics 255
12.5 Biomass-Based Fuels and Products 255
12.5.1 Ethanol 255
12.5.2 Methanol 261
12.5.3 Biodiesel/Vegetable Oil 261
12.5.4 Pyrolysis Liquids 263
12.5.5 Biogas 264
12.5.6 Producer Gas 265
12.5.7 Synthesis Gas 267
12.5.8 Biopower and Biofuels Statistics 270
12.6 Municipal Solid Waste 270
12.7 Closure 278
References 278
Further Reading 280
13 Geothermal Energy 281
13.1 Introduction 281
13.2 Geothermal Resources 281
13.3 Geothermal Energy Systems 286
13.3.1 Hydrothermal 286
13.3.2 Geopressurized 295
13.3.3 Magma 296
13.3.4 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 297
13.4 Geothermal Examples 297
13.5 Ground-Source Heat Pumps 300
13.6 Closure 304
References 305
Further Reading 306
14 Ocean Energy 307
14.1 Introduction 307
14.2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 307
14.2.1 Open Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 308
14.2.2 Closed Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 312
14.2.3 Hybrid Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 315
14.2.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion System Outputs 315
14.2.5 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Assessment 315
14.3 Tidal energy 319
14.4 Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy 324
14.4.1 Rotating devices 330
14.5 Closure 331
References 332
15 Nuclear Energy 333
15.1 Introduction 333
15.2 Fundamentals of Nuclear Energy 334
15.3 Nuclear Power 339
15.3.1 Chernobyl 348
15.3.2 Fukashima Daiichi 350
15.3.3 Nuclear Power in the Twenty-First Century 351
15.4 Fusion Power 354
15.5 Closure 359
References 359
16 Transportation and Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 361
16.1 Transportation Energy Usage Alternatives to Internal Combustion Engines 361
16.2 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 364
16.3 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Past, Present, and Future 370
16.4 Closure 375
References 375
17 Hydraulic Fracturing, Oil, Natural Gas, and the New Reality 377
17.1 Introduction 377
17.2 Unconventional Oil and Gas 377
17.3 Reservoir Engineering Concepts 381
17.4 Oil and Gas Recovery from Tight Plays 386
17.5 The New Reality 392
17.6 Closure 399
References 399
Further Reading 400

Appendix A 401

Appendix B 415

Index 431

The comprehensive guide to engineering alternative and renewable energy systems and applications—updated for the latest trends and technologies

This book was designed tohelp engineers develop new solutions for the current energy economy. To that end it provides technical discussions, along with numerous real-world examples of virtually all existing alternative energy sources, applications, systems and system components. All chapters focus on first-order engineering calculations, and consider alternative uses of existing and renewable energy resources. Just as important, the author describes how to apply these concepts to the development of new energy solutions.

Since the publication of the critically acclaimed first edition of this book, the alternative, renewable and sustainable energy industries have witnessed significant evolution and growth. Hydraulic fracturing, fossil fuel reserve increases, the increasing popularity of hybrid and all-electric vehicles, and the decreasing cost of solar power already have had a significant impact on energy usage patterns worldwide. Updated and revised to reflect those and other key developments, this new edition features expanded coverage of topics covered in the first edition, as well as entirely new chapters on hydraulic fracturing and fossil fuels, hybrid and all-electric vehicles, and more.

Begins with a fascinating look at the changing face of global energy economy
Features chapters devoted to virtually all sources of alternative energy and energy systems
Offers technical discussions of hydropower, wind, passive solar and solar-thermal, photovoltaics, fuel cells, CHP systems, geothermal, ocean energy, biomass, and nuclear
Contains updated chapter review questions, homework problems, and a thoroughly revised solutions manual, available on the companion website
While Alternative Energy Systems and Applications, Second Edition is an ideal textbook/reference for advanced undergraduate and graduate level engineering courses in energy-related subjects, it is also an indispensable professional resource for engineers and technicians working in areas related to the development of alternative/renewable energy systems.